Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing, respiratory devices, and protective shields and barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.
HIERACHY OF CONTROL
According to this hierachy of control, PPE should be the last resort of control measures planned in reducing the risk at the workplace.
HIERACHY OF CONTROL
According to this hierachy of control, PPE should be the last resort of control measures planned in reducing the risk at the workplace.
- ELIMINATION
- SUBSTITUTION
- ISOLATION
- ENGINEERING CONTROL
- ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
- PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
SELECTION OF PPE
The selection of PPE should be done accordingly following factors :
The selection of PPE should be done accordingly following factors :
- According to the hazards
- Approved standards
- Give adequate protection
- Fit, minimum weight and discomfort
- Movement not restricted
- Easily worn and durable
- Harmonious to wearer’s culture/religion
- No additional hazards
- Free / minimal or easy maintenance
- Easily replace when necessary
TYPES OF PPE AND THEIR USAGE IN THE WORKPLACE ( CHEMICAL )
Head Protection ( Hard Hat )
Head Protection ( Hard Hat )
- To protect the head from falling and bumping against objects
- To Prevent electric shocks
- To protect the head and hairs from exposure to any splash of chemicals at work place.
Should have facilities to support other PPE such as face shield, hoods and shroud .
Eye and Face Protection
Effects of chemical to eyes :
Eye and Face Protection
Effects of chemical to eyes :
- Acute or Delayed :
- Blindness ( Acids/Alkali ; Peroxides )
- Irritations ( Solvent and Dilutes Acids )
Selections :
- Corrosive / Severe Irritants : Full Face Shield
- Mild Irritants : Goggles
Types of Materials :
- Plastic
- Glass
Foot Protection
Safety shoes shall be worn in any workplace including chemical plants. The purpose of safety shoe usage in chemical plants is to protect the foot from slips, exposure to chemicals and falling objects.
Safety shoe should be impervious towards chemicals identified in the plants.
Protective Clothing
Coveralls, aprons, boots & gloves are among the range of protective clothing.
Selection depends on several factors:-
Safety shoes shall be worn in any workplace including chemical plants. The purpose of safety shoe usage in chemical plants is to protect the foot from slips, exposure to chemicals and falling objects.
Safety shoe should be impervious towards chemicals identified in the plants.
Protective Clothing
Coveralls, aprons, boots & gloves are among the range of protective clothing.
Selection depends on several factors:-
- Design need to be appropriate with the job
- Clothing is made from appropriate material
- Workload & work conditions
- Maintenance and cleaning needs
Cleaning and Maintenance
It is important that all PPE be kept clean and properly maintained. Cleaning is particularly important for eye and face protection where dirty or fogged lenses could impair vision. PPE should be inspected, cleaned, and maintained at regular intervals so that the PPE provides the requisite protection. Personal protective equipment shall not be shared between employees until it has been properly cleaned and sanitized.
It is also important to ensure that contaminated PPE which cannot be decontaminated is disposed of in a manner that protects employees from exposure to hazards.
Training
Any worker required to wear PPE shall receive training in the proper use and care of PPE.
Periodic retraining shall be offered to both the employees and the supervisors, as needed.
The training shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following subjects:
It is important that all PPE be kept clean and properly maintained. Cleaning is particularly important for eye and face protection where dirty or fogged lenses could impair vision. PPE should be inspected, cleaned, and maintained at regular intervals so that the PPE provides the requisite protection. Personal protective equipment shall not be shared between employees until it has been properly cleaned and sanitized.
It is also important to ensure that contaminated PPE which cannot be decontaminated is disposed of in a manner that protects employees from exposure to hazards.
Training
Any worker required to wear PPE shall receive training in the proper use and care of PPE.
Periodic retraining shall be offered to both the employees and the supervisors, as needed.
The training shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following subjects:
- When PPE is necessary to be worn.
- What PPE is necessary
- How to properly adjust and wear PPE.
- The limitations of the PPE.
- The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE.
After the training, the employees shall demonstrate that they understand the components of the PPE Program and how to use PPE properly, or they shall be retrained.
Recordkeeping
Recordkeeping
- Written records shall be kept :-
- the names of persons trained,
- the type of training provided, and
- the dates when training occurred.
- The Supervisor shall maintain their employees’ training records for at least 3 years.
HAND PROTECTION
CHOOSING THE RIGHT GLOVE
Precautionary statements on pesticide labels state if chemically resistant gloves are needed. However, it's up to you to choose the glove material, design, fit, and thickness best suited to your work.
Materials : Cotton, canvas, and leather gloves are easily penetrated and hard to clean so they are not recommended for work with pesticides. Chemically resistant gloves are made with different rubbers: natural, butyl, chloroprene, nitrile, and fluorocarbon ; or various plastics: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene. These materials can be blended or laminated for better performance.
When selecting glove materials, consider not only the pesticide's active ingredient, but also its formulation. Most rubbers and plastics are resistant to dry and/or water-based pesticides. However, for other pesticide formulations, such as emulsifiable concentrates, the glove material must also resist the solvent. Common solvents are xylene, fuel oil, petroleum distillates, and alcohol. If the pesticide label does not specify a glove material, select a butyl, nitrile, or a barrier laminate glove.
If the material is not resistant to your pesticide, you will probably notice some glove damage right away. If so, discard them and try a different glove material.
Design : Gloves are made two ways:
1) die-cut into a "handprint" from film layers that are heat-sealed together at the edges, or
2) formed over a hand-shaped mold that is dipped into the polymer solution.
Handprint gloves fit either hand loosely. Examples are polyethylene. The latter two have better chemical resistance compared to rubber materials despite their thinness, crisp, slick, and stiff feel. The fit and slick texture may reduce your grip. Molded gloves differ in thumb placement and finger length. If the fingers are too long or short or the thumb is wrong, try a different brand for a better fit.
Fit, size, and length : When a glove fits, it seems less clumsy and is more comfortable. To find your size (7 to 12), measure around your hand (palm and back). If your hand measures 10 inches, get size 10. Some gloves are sized S-M-L and XL, "men's" and "women's," or "one size fits all." If so, try them on. Remember, as a glove stretches to fit, it gets thinner and will be harder to get on and off. Your hands may tire more quickly in tight gloves. If gloves are too big, you may have less dexterity and increased likelihood of getting them caught in machinery. For most tasks, use a glove that is 12 inches long and extends half-way to your elbow. If you need to reach into chemicals, you can get gloves that extend above the elbow.
Thickness: Glove material thickness is measured in mils or gauge. With both measuring systems, bigger numbers usually mean thicker gloves and greater protection, but more stiffness. For example, "surgeon's" natural rubber gloves are 4 to 9 mils in thickness (1 mil = 0.0001 inch), and are not sturdy enough for pesticide work. In general, thicker gloves are more resistant to chemicals, tearing, and puncture but are more bulky and clumsy. Thinner gloves let you manipulate tools and equipment easily, but also puncture, rip, and tear easily.
Linings: Cotton knit, woven, or flocked glove linings or fabric cuffs are comfortable to wear and absorb sweat, but are not recommended for pesticide use because they are difficult to clean.
USING GLOVES
Gloves cannot help you unless you wear them. Keeping several pairs of gloves handy and free of pesticide soiling, but not in your way, is a challenge. One idea is to seal clean gloves in one-gallon
zip-close plastic bags. After you handle or mix pesticides and before you take off the gloves, wash your gloved hands with water (and soap, if possible). Put the gloves back into the plastic bag until they can be washed more thoroughly. Avoid leaving used gloves on the floor of your pick-up truck or in places where family members might touch them. You may not see any pesticide on them, but tests with fluorescent dyes prove it is there and can rub off onto other clothing.
Most of the time you'll probably want your gloves over your sleeve cuffs. But if you are working in a drenching spray from above, put gloves under your sleeve cuffs so the chemical doesn't run down your arm and into your glove. To take off gloves, peel one glove off by holding the cuff, then hold it wrong-side out in the ungloved hand as you peel off the other glove. Both gloves will be wrong-side out, with the contaminated surface to the inside, ready for washing or disposal. Never pull gloves off with your teeth.
CLEANING GLOVES
Wash gloves the same day they are soiled if you intend to use them again. Fill a bucket or tub with warm water and a strong detergent, submerge the gloves and stir them around with a long dowel or yardstick. Fish them out with tongs, then hang them on a line by the fingertips with clothespins to drip dry. Never put gloves in an automatic dryer; they melt with heat.
DECIDING ABOUT DISPOSAL
No matter which gloves you choose, they probably won't last long. Watch for these signs to tell you when to replace gloves:
CHOOSING THE RIGHT GLOVE
Precautionary statements on pesticide labels state if chemically resistant gloves are needed. However, it's up to you to choose the glove material, design, fit, and thickness best suited to your work.
Materials : Cotton, canvas, and leather gloves are easily penetrated and hard to clean so they are not recommended for work with pesticides. Chemically resistant gloves are made with different rubbers: natural, butyl, chloroprene, nitrile, and fluorocarbon ; or various plastics: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene. These materials can be blended or laminated for better performance.
When selecting glove materials, consider not only the pesticide's active ingredient, but also its formulation. Most rubbers and plastics are resistant to dry and/or water-based pesticides. However, for other pesticide formulations, such as emulsifiable concentrates, the glove material must also resist the solvent. Common solvents are xylene, fuel oil, petroleum distillates, and alcohol. If the pesticide label does not specify a glove material, select a butyl, nitrile, or a barrier laminate glove.
If the material is not resistant to your pesticide, you will probably notice some glove damage right away. If so, discard them and try a different glove material.
Design : Gloves are made two ways:
1) die-cut into a "handprint" from film layers that are heat-sealed together at the edges, or
2) formed over a hand-shaped mold that is dipped into the polymer solution.
Handprint gloves fit either hand loosely. Examples are polyethylene. The latter two have better chemical resistance compared to rubber materials despite their thinness, crisp, slick, and stiff feel. The fit and slick texture may reduce your grip. Molded gloves differ in thumb placement and finger length. If the fingers are too long or short or the thumb is wrong, try a different brand for a better fit.
Fit, size, and length : When a glove fits, it seems less clumsy and is more comfortable. To find your size (7 to 12), measure around your hand (palm and back). If your hand measures 10 inches, get size 10. Some gloves are sized S-M-L and XL, "men's" and "women's," or "one size fits all." If so, try them on. Remember, as a glove stretches to fit, it gets thinner and will be harder to get on and off. Your hands may tire more quickly in tight gloves. If gloves are too big, you may have less dexterity and increased likelihood of getting them caught in machinery. For most tasks, use a glove that is 12 inches long and extends half-way to your elbow. If you need to reach into chemicals, you can get gloves that extend above the elbow.
Thickness: Glove material thickness is measured in mils or gauge. With both measuring systems, bigger numbers usually mean thicker gloves and greater protection, but more stiffness. For example, "surgeon's" natural rubber gloves are 4 to 9 mils in thickness (1 mil = 0.0001 inch), and are not sturdy enough for pesticide work. In general, thicker gloves are more resistant to chemicals, tearing, and puncture but are more bulky and clumsy. Thinner gloves let you manipulate tools and equipment easily, but also puncture, rip, and tear easily.
Linings: Cotton knit, woven, or flocked glove linings or fabric cuffs are comfortable to wear and absorb sweat, but are not recommended for pesticide use because they are difficult to clean.
USING GLOVES
Gloves cannot help you unless you wear them. Keeping several pairs of gloves handy and free of pesticide soiling, but not in your way, is a challenge. One idea is to seal clean gloves in one-gallon
zip-close plastic bags. After you handle or mix pesticides and before you take off the gloves, wash your gloved hands with water (and soap, if possible). Put the gloves back into the plastic bag until they can be washed more thoroughly. Avoid leaving used gloves on the floor of your pick-up truck or in places where family members might touch them. You may not see any pesticide on them, but tests with fluorescent dyes prove it is there and can rub off onto other clothing.
Most of the time you'll probably want your gloves over your sleeve cuffs. But if you are working in a drenching spray from above, put gloves under your sleeve cuffs so the chemical doesn't run down your arm and into your glove. To take off gloves, peel one glove off by holding the cuff, then hold it wrong-side out in the ungloved hand as you peel off the other glove. Both gloves will be wrong-side out, with the contaminated surface to the inside, ready for washing or disposal. Never pull gloves off with your teeth.
CLEANING GLOVES
Wash gloves the same day they are soiled if you intend to use them again. Fill a bucket or tub with warm water and a strong detergent, submerge the gloves and stir them around with a long dowel or yardstick. Fish them out with tongs, then hang them on a line by the fingertips with clothespins to drip dry. Never put gloves in an automatic dryer; they melt with heat.
DECIDING ABOUT DISPOSAL
No matter which gloves you choose, they probably won't last long. Watch for these signs to tell you when to replace gloves:
- staining or color change, inside and/or outside the glove;
- softening, swelling, or bubbling;
- stiffening, cracking, or surface change;
- dissolving or becoming jelly-like, or
- leaking at any time.
Remember that pesticides can soak through glove materials or contaminate the inside without changing the glove's appearance or texture. Therefore, replace gloves when there is:
- direct glove contact with highly toxic chemicals for a short time, or
- repeated contact over a longer period.
Routine replacement on a regular schedule may be a good idea, depending on your exposure situation. Dispose of gloves as you would empty containers or bags. Cut them up so no one will ever use them again if they are discarded with your trash.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Protective Equipments is important when farmers work with pesticides and toxic products. Respiratory protection is equally important when farmers work in dusty conditions common to most farms.
Exposure to grain dust, molds, pollen, animal dander, soil dust, welding fumes, and diesel exhaust can lead to serious respiratory problems. Although they are less toxic than some chemicals, dusts are suspended in the air and can easily enter the lungs and cause damage.
Dust in the lungs has both immediate and long-term effects. It can cause additional physical stress for the person, resulting in fatigue or shortness of breath. Long-term exposure to dust can be accompanied by congestion, coughing or wheezing, sensitivity to dust, and frequent respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Over time, exposure to dust can result in serious respiratory illnesses, such as farmer's lung, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and other irreversible, incurable ailments.
The National Safety Council reported that 300 workers on large farms were incapacitated due to respiratory conditions in 1990, about one-third caused by dust.
To avoid immediate and long-term respiratory problems, farmers are encouraged to wear protective equipment, such as a respirator, whenever they work in dusty conditions. Respirators may be a good choice if workers are:
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Protective Equipments is important when farmers work with pesticides and toxic products. Respiratory protection is equally important when farmers work in dusty conditions common to most farms.
Exposure to grain dust, molds, pollen, animal dander, soil dust, welding fumes, and diesel exhaust can lead to serious respiratory problems. Although they are less toxic than some chemicals, dusts are suspended in the air and can easily enter the lungs and cause damage.
Dust in the lungs has both immediate and long-term effects. It can cause additional physical stress for the person, resulting in fatigue or shortness of breath. Long-term exposure to dust can be accompanied by congestion, coughing or wheezing, sensitivity to dust, and frequent respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Over time, exposure to dust can result in serious respiratory illnesses, such as farmer's lung, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and other irreversible, incurable ailments.
The National Safety Council reported that 300 workers on large farms were incapacitated due to respiratory conditions in 1990, about one-third caused by dust.
To avoid immediate and long-term respiratory problems, farmers are encouraged to wear protective equipment, such as a respirator, whenever they work in dusty conditions. Respirators may be a good choice if workers are:
- congested or have breathing problems;
- generally bothered by dust, or
- oncerned about the amount of foreign particles that get into the body.
Chemicals such as pesticides, anhydrous ammonia, cleaning solvents, and disinfectants also require the use of protective equipment. Check pesticide applicator training manuals or discuss details with professionals.
HOW RESPIRATORS WORK
Respirators can be one of two types: those that purify existing air, and those that supply air from a tank or other source.
Air-supplied respirators, such as the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) used by firefighters, rarely are used in farming activities. They are relatively expensive and wearers must be trained.
Many dusty conditions on the farm can be improved with the use of an air-purifying respirator. This device fits over the nose and mouth and uses a filter or cartridge to mechanically remove dust particles from the air as the wearer breathes. An air-purifying respirator provides protection from dust and mists.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
There are many styles of respirators on today’s market, however, not all are recommended for farming activities. Whether you're selecting a new respirator or evaluating an existing respirator, always consider several factors.
Proper use: Many problems result from using an inappropriate respirator. For example, dust masks will not reduce chemical vapors. A respirator approved for use with chemicals may not filter dust.
Always use a respirator appropriate for the task. The specific contaminant for which the respirator is approved will be written on the cartridge filter or instructions with the respirator.
Proper rating: As part of the testing process, a respirator is assigned a "protection factor," or PF rating, which indicates how well the respirator can perform its job. For farming activities, always use a respirator with a PF rating of 10 or above.
Proper size and fit: The respirator must form a good seal with the wearer's face so that the respirator can function properly. Dust that slips through a poor seal goes directly to the lungs.
Respirators are available in various sizes and designs to fit most faces. Eyeglasses, clothing, and facial hair such as beards or sideburns, can interfere with the seal. All respirators must be "fit tested" by safety professionals, using smoke, saccharin, or banana oil while the device is being worn.
Cost: Respirators can be either disposable or non-disposable. Disposable respirators are inexpensive and can be discarded when dirty or when the job is finished, but they can be relatively expensive if protection is required on a regular basis. A better choice is a durable respirator that can be washed and stored after each use.
The wearer's physical condition: The wearer of an air-purifying respirator must be in good physical condition. Since air is drawn through a filtering mechanism, breathing becomes more difficult, and can cause stress for people with medical problems, such as heart conditions or respiratory ailments. Always get a physician's approval to wear a respirator.
LIMITATIONS OF RESPIRATORS
No respirator can solve all air quality problems. Wearing a respirator incorrectly is as dangerous as not wearing a respirator at all. People have a false sense of security when wearing a faulty respirator or one that is inappropriate for the task.
Respirators should not be worn when concentrations of dust are in the explosive range. In this situation, you may protect your lungs from dust but you're exposing yourself to other dangers. A general rule is that if it's too dusty to see your hand at arm's length, the environment is dusty enough to be explosive.
Another dangerous situation occurs when air-purifying respirators are used in toxic environments. Since air-purifying respirators do not provide oxygen, the air in the working environment must have at least 19.5 percent oxygen. Death can occur in a limited oxygen environment.
Respirators that filter dust cannot protect wearers in toxic chemical environments, such as manure pits, silos, or sludge tanks. Wearing a respirator equipped with a dust filter in these conditions can
be fatal.
The use of respirators in day-to-day farm operations may be a new practice for many operators. However, respirators can reduce exposure to farm dust and may prevent serious respiratory problems..
HOW RESPIRATORS WORK
Respirators can be one of two types: those that purify existing air, and those that supply air from a tank or other source.
Air-supplied respirators, such as the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) used by firefighters, rarely are used in farming activities. They are relatively expensive and wearers must be trained.
Many dusty conditions on the farm can be improved with the use of an air-purifying respirator. This device fits over the nose and mouth and uses a filter or cartridge to mechanically remove dust particles from the air as the wearer breathes. An air-purifying respirator provides protection from dust and mists.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
There are many styles of respirators on today’s market, however, not all are recommended for farming activities. Whether you're selecting a new respirator or evaluating an existing respirator, always consider several factors.
Proper use: Many problems result from using an inappropriate respirator. For example, dust masks will not reduce chemical vapors. A respirator approved for use with chemicals may not filter dust.
Always use a respirator appropriate for the task. The specific contaminant for which the respirator is approved will be written on the cartridge filter or instructions with the respirator.
Proper rating: As part of the testing process, a respirator is assigned a "protection factor," or PF rating, which indicates how well the respirator can perform its job. For farming activities, always use a respirator with a PF rating of 10 or above.
Proper size and fit: The respirator must form a good seal with the wearer's face so that the respirator can function properly. Dust that slips through a poor seal goes directly to the lungs.
Respirators are available in various sizes and designs to fit most faces. Eyeglasses, clothing, and facial hair such as beards or sideburns, can interfere with the seal. All respirators must be "fit tested" by safety professionals, using smoke, saccharin, or banana oil while the device is being worn.
Cost: Respirators can be either disposable or non-disposable. Disposable respirators are inexpensive and can be discarded when dirty or when the job is finished, but they can be relatively expensive if protection is required on a regular basis. A better choice is a durable respirator that can be washed and stored after each use.
The wearer's physical condition: The wearer of an air-purifying respirator must be in good physical condition. Since air is drawn through a filtering mechanism, breathing becomes more difficult, and can cause stress for people with medical problems, such as heart conditions or respiratory ailments. Always get a physician's approval to wear a respirator.
LIMITATIONS OF RESPIRATORS
No respirator can solve all air quality problems. Wearing a respirator incorrectly is as dangerous as not wearing a respirator at all. People have a false sense of security when wearing a faulty respirator or one that is inappropriate for the task.
Respirators should not be worn when concentrations of dust are in the explosive range. In this situation, you may protect your lungs from dust but you're exposing yourself to other dangers. A general rule is that if it's too dusty to see your hand at arm's length, the environment is dusty enough to be explosive.
Another dangerous situation occurs when air-purifying respirators are used in toxic environments. Since air-purifying respirators do not provide oxygen, the air in the working environment must have at least 19.5 percent oxygen. Death can occur in a limited oxygen environment.
Respirators that filter dust cannot protect wearers in toxic chemical environments, such as manure pits, silos, or sludge tanks. Wearing a respirator equipped with a dust filter in these conditions can
be fatal.
The use of respirators in day-to-day farm operations may be a new practice for many operators. However, respirators can reduce exposure to farm dust and may prevent serious respiratory problems..
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